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Pozycja Open Access Analysis of profitability of raw milk production in a commercial farm before and after Poland's accession to the EU(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Pytlewski, Jarosław; Antkowiak, Ireneusz R.; Stanisławski, Daniel; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Nowak, Anna K.; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences,; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences,; Computer Lab, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life SciencesThe aim of this study was to analyse milk production profitability over a period of more than a decade in a commercial farm in terms of two periods: prior to Poland's accession to the EU (from 1998 to April, 2004) and after accession (from May, 2004 to 2012). Obtained source data made it possible to calculate mean annual values for the following items in these calculations: the number of cows, production of milk sold, production of milk to be fed, milk sales price, calf rearing, sales of slaughter cattle, sales of culled cows, total income from milk production, direct costs, feed costs, handling costs, indirect costs including depreciation, total milk production costs, direct costs per 1 l produced milk, total costs per 1 l produced milk, profit/loss from cattle production, profit/loss from 1 l produced milk, value of production per 1 cow, profit/loss from milk production per 1 cow, the ratio of milk sales price to production costs and profitability index for milk production. Within this study data were also collected on profit/loss per 1 l produced milk and milk production profitability indexes in the analysed years. It was shown that following Poland's accession to the EU in the analysed farm statistically highly significant changes were observed in income and costs connected with the production of raw milk. Values of these parameters increased in comparison to the previous period. An increase was recorded in milk production and profit per 1 cow, which was most probably a consequence of breeding work and gained genetic progress and increased productivity in the herd. However, when comparing the period before and after Poland's accession no statistically significant differences were found for profit/loss per 1 l produced milk and milk production profitability indexes. The post-accession period in relation to the previous period was characterised by more dynamic changes in profitability indexes for raw milk production, which resulted in a lesser stability in profitability for this branch of animal production.Pozycja Open Access Analysis of the effect of the order of calving, calf sex and milk yield of cows on growth parameters of limousin calves(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2016) Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Wróbel, Agnieszka; Cioch, Cioch; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe study was taken in the farm located in West Pomerania province where Limousine cattle in purity of breed were kept. The study included a total of 226 Limousine calves in purity of breed, which were born between 2011 and 2014. Data relating to the rearing of calves were obtained from breeding documentation carried out on the farm. Aim of work was to analyze the effect of order of calving, calf sex and milk yield of cows on growth parameters of Limousin calves. Analysis showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05, P ≤ 0.01) impact of subsequent calving on birth weight of calves. Calves born in the first calving achieved a significantly lower birth weight (32.4 kg) than calves born in next calving (2–4) (respectively, 36.5 kg, 37.3 kg, 37.9 kg). In the case of weaning weight and daily gains were found significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between bulls and heifers. These factors in bulls were: 267.3 kg and 1093.3 g, while in heifers, respectively, 256.3 kg, 1048.7 g. There has been a significant impact of milk yield of cows on weaning weight and daily gains of calves. Calves whose mothers were characterized by higher milk yield (> 2000 kg) gained respectively 268.3 kg weaning weight and daily gain 1000.5 g. In the group of calves whose mothers were characterized by a lower milk yield (1501–2000 kg), these factors were respectively 244.8 kg and 993.2 g.Pozycja Open Access Assessment of the quality of raw milk purchased depending on the production scale(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Wójcik, Jerzy; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Pilarczyk, Renata; Rzewucka-Wójcik, Edyta; Jaszczowska, Jadwiga; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe purpose of the conducted studies was the assessment of the quality of raw milk purchased by the dairy plant, including the purchase volume, the quality of the raw milk and the seasonality of its purchase. Farms were divided by the amount of milk produced: 1 group to 5000 kg of milk per month; 2 groups 5001–10 000 kg of milk; 3 groups of 10 001 to 15 000 milk per month; 4 group over 15 000 kg of milk per month. A slightly higher percentage of fat in milk from group 4 was found. The microbiological purity of milk was similar in all groups, highlighting the small LKS and OLB. The existing seasonality of production has been observed. The production volume during the summer period was about 18% higher. It seems appropriate to continue to specialize farms and introduce in the bigger farms the full-year feeding system (TMR).Pozycja Open Access Association of Polymorphism of Choosen Genes with Production Traits in Dairy Cattle(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2018) Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Jadwiżak, Weronika; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandPolymorphisms of DGAT1, ABCG2, SCD1 and PPARGC1A genes significantly affect the milk, fat and protein yield and chemical composition of milk. Depending on the type of polymorphism, they increase or decrease the milk, fat and protein yield as well as fat and protein content in milk. Based on the research carried out by numerous authors, it can be concluded that genotyping animals for polymorphism of selected genes and using this information in breeding programs for selection supported by markers, which will allow the development of populations with the most desirable production characteristics is right.Pozycja Open Access Biology and parasitology of european beaver (Castor fiber L. 1758) – selected issues(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2016) Sikorowski, Karol; Niemiec, Tomasz; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Makarski, Mateusz; Bartyzel, Bartłomiej J.; Paśko, Sławomir; Koczoń, Piotr; Division of Animal Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Division of Animal Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Division of Animal Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences,; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Virtual Reality Techniques Division, Warsaw University of Technology; Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life SciencesBeavers are known as biggest rodents leaving in Europe and North America. Two species are included in beaver family: eurpoean beaver (Castor fiber, L.1758) and candian beaver (Castor canadensis, Kuhl 1820). In ancient times beavers existed in whole Europe and in the part of Asia, while their population in Europe decreased systematically from IX century on due to extensive hunts. Consequently, in the end of XIX century only few beavers groups existed in Europe. Within after second world war Poland numerically 130 specimens of European beaver were present. Since then on active protection of this species has started including many environmental programs. It resulted in systematic increase of beaver specimens. Currently beavers came back to their previous regions and some new regions are occupied as well. Their amount reaches over 89000 specimens. This manuscript presents detailed structure of beavers body and their physiology allowing to leave In both water and on land. Beavers natural feed, digestive track, digestive process are described as well. Issues related to reproduction and bringing up are described too. Natural predators are presented. Inside and outside parasites with their action are presented.Pozycja Open Access Causes for Culling and Reproductive System Disorders in Jersey Cows in the Reproductive Period(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2018) Pytlewski, Jarosław; Antkowiak, Ireneusz R.; Stanisławski, Daniel; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Rolińska, Karolina; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland; Computer Lab, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences, PolandThe aim of this study was to analyse culling causes and determine reproductive health disorders in Jersey cows in the reproduction period in a herd from the Wielkopolska region. Analyses were conducted on 331 Jersey cows. The material for analyses was collected for the years 2010–2015 from the performance records of dairy cows, the AfiFarm herd management programme and veterinary inspection records. Source data concerned causes of cow culling and reproductive system disorders found in the reproduction period (i.e. from calving to successful fertilisation). Culling causes were divided based on the criterion applied by the Polish Federation of Cattle Breeders and Dairy Farmers. In this study the shares of culling causes were determined and the frequency of individual reproductive system disorders in the reproduction period were calculated in terms of the division into primiparous and multiparous cows. Sterility and reproductive system disorders were the most frequent culling causes in Jersey cows. In turn, endometritis was the most frequent reproductive disorder in cows of this breed in the reproduction period. No statistically significant relationship was found between the age group of cows (primiparous vs. multiparous) and the frequency of specific reproductive system disorders. The incidence rate of reproductive system disorders in Jersey cows in the reproduction period may most probably be reduced at a continuous improvement of environmental factors affecting these animals.Pozycja Open Access Characteristics of Reproduction Traits in Cows with Record Lifetime Milk Yields(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2022) Pytlewski, Jarosław; Antkowiak, Ireneusz R.; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandThe aim of this study was to characterise basic reproduction indexes and to investigate the effect of selected factors on values of analysed fertility parameters in cows (100 head) with record lifetime milk yields. The experiments were conducted on Polish Holstein-Friesian Black- -and-White cattle. Cows with lifetime milk yields of min. 100 thousand kg milk were considered record holders. Animals were selected at random from herds covered by performance testing in the Poznań testing region in the years 2003–2016. It was shown that analysed cows with record lifetime milk yields exhibited slightly reduced fertility. The animals had the preferred mean age at first calving and adequate average length of pregnancy. Relatively high numbers of semen doses required for successful insemination resulted in an extended length of calving interval, interpregnancy period and artificial mating service.In the management of dairy cow herds focusing on high lifetime productivity and fertility traits it is recommended to control reproduction so that calvings take place in winter and cows calve for the first time at the age of maximum 27 months.Pozycja Open Access The comparison of usefulness results of the primiparous and multiparous cattle of the limousine breed(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Kotowska, Joanna; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe study was conducted in a herd of cattle kept in pure breed in the Kujawsko- -Pomorskie province. The study included a total of 107 individuals: 27 primiparous and 80 multiparous. Cattle data were obtained from farm documentation maintained on the farm, in accordance with the guidelines of the Polish Association of Breeders and Producers of Cattle (PZHiPBM) for the years 2013–2014. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of primiparous and multiparous of limousine cattle. The work included selected zoometric measurements, fertility and dairy cows as well as calf rearing. Analysis showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.01, P ≤ 0.05) in the case of muscle, chest circumference and height of the cross. The higher values for the given parameters were obtained by the primiparous. It has been found that milk production is higher in primiparous cows, which results in better growth of calves. The age of first calving (WPW) in the groups of animals was similar. The calves after multiparous received a higher birth weight (P ≤ 0.01) compared with calves after the primiparous.Pozycja Open Access Dependencies between PIT-1 gene polymorphism and production progress in polish holstein-friesian black-and-white cows(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Pytlewski, Jarosław; Antkowiak, Ireneusz R.; Stanisławski, Daniel; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Computer Lab, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe aim of this study was to analyse the dependence between PIT-1 gene polymorphism in exon 6 of bovine chromosome 1 (c.1178G>A) and the level of production progress in Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White cows. The greatest annual production progress and cumulative progress for the yield of milk and milk fat was found for the AA homozygotes. For the yield of milk protein more advantageous values of calculated parameters were recorded for the GG homozygotes.Pozycja Open Access Dependencies between prl gene polymorphism and production progress in polish holstein-friesian black-and-white cows(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Pytlewski, Jarosław; Antkowiak, Ireneusz R.; Stanisławski, Daniel; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Computer Lab, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe aim of this study was to analyse dependencies between PRL gene polymorphism within exon 4 of bovine chromosome 23 (locus g.8398G>A), and the level of production progress in milk yield, yields of milk fat and milk protein in Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and- -White cows. Results of this study indicate dependencies between genotype at locus g.8398G>A of the PRL gene and production progress in terms of milk yield as well as the yields of milk fat and milk protein. The greatest production progress and cumulative progress for milk yield as well as yields of milk fat and milk protein were shown for the AG heterozygotes at locus g.8398G>A, while the lowest values of analysed parameters were recorded for the AA homozygotes.Pozycja Open Access Effect of age at first calving and calving interval lenght on milk performance in cows(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Nagórska, Oliwia; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe research was conducted in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodship. The study material consisted of 103 cows of the Polish Holstein-Friesian breed black and white (phf, cb), considering selected breeding parameters: age of first calving (WPW) and intermittent period (OMW). Data on milk yield and selected reproductive parameters were obtained from the farm documentation of the farm using the results of the evaluation of the dairy cattle use value carried out by PFHBiPM. Milk yield of cows was assessed based on milk yield, fat and protein [kg] and content [%] of these components in milk. When analysing the intercurrent period of cows, significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed between the examined animal groups. The highest milk yield (8481 kg) and fat yield (355 kg) reached cows in the second lactation, with an interval greater than 471 days.Pozycja Open Access The effect of selected factors on freshening milking efficiency in primiparous polish holstein-friesian black-and-white cows(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Pytlewski, Jarosław; Antkowiak, Ireneusz R.; Stanisławski, Daniel; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Computer Lab, Poznań University of Life Sciences; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of TechnologySire origin as well as age and body weight of heifers at fertilization were shown to have a statistically significant effect on freshening milking efficiency in Polish Holstein-Friesian Black- -and-White primiparous cows. The highest milk yields during the freshening stage were recorded for daughters of bulls from North America and primiparous cows, which were fertilized as heifers aged 16 months and at body weight 475 kg. Most probably the high genetic potential of HF cattle from North America, exceeding European cattle in terms of milk yield, was connected with the longer period of their upgrading and in combination with the improvement of local production conditions ensured the most advantageous results. It seems that milk yield in the freshening period is affected by body weight and development of heifers rather than their age at fertilization. In order to reduce the rearing stage in young females it is recommended in that period to apply more intensive nutrition.Pozycja Open Access Effect of the feed additive effective microorganisms™ (EMTM) on milk and reproductive performance of polish holstein-fresian black-and-white cows(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2016) Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Majsakowski, Wojciech; Cioch, Barbara; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe aim of study was to evaluate the influence of using EMTM probiotics in dairy cattle feeding on production and reproductive performance and birth weight of calves. The present investigation was undertaken at a large commercial farm in West Pomerania province in 2010. 211 cows were chosen to determine the effect of EMTM probiotics on studied parameters. These cows were divided into two groups: Control Group (A) and Treatment Group (B). Group B were fed during first month of the experiment 150 ml/day/animal probiotics and in next months 75 ml/day/animal. In current work we analyzed chosen reproductive parameters (age at first calving and intercalving period) and milk performance in standard lactation. It has been noticed that cows in Group B in 1st lactation characterized higher milk yield, FCM, fat and protein yield [kg] and fat content (P ≤ 0.01) compared to Group A. In addition, during comparing both groups it was found that cows in Group B in 3rd lactation received the highest milk yield, FCM, fat and protein yield [kg]. Considering protein yield the result was significant (P ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, no significant differences were found for using EMTM probiotics on reproductive parameters and calves’ birth weight [kg].Pozycja Open Access Influence of the age on the day of first calving and the length of calving intervals on the milk yield of cows(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2016) Bortacki, Paweł; Kujawiak, Ryszard; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Wójcik, Jerzy; Grzesiak, Wilhelm; Sano-Modern Animal Nutrition Limited Company, Sękowo, Poland; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin,Badaniami objęto 264 krowy rasy holsztyńsko-fryzyjskiej, o wydajności wynoszącej ponad 10 000 kg mleka, które utrzymywane były w jednym z największych gospodarstw na terenie województwa wielkopolskiego – w Sano Agrar Institut w Lubiniu. Oszacowano wpływ wieku krów w dniu pierwszego wcielenia na produkcyjność w kolejnych trzech 305-dniowych laktacjach. Analizę poszczególnych cech użytkowych wykonano na podstawie analizy wariancji, uwzględniając wpływ laktacji oraz wieku pierwszego wycielenia, jak również okresu międzywycieleniowego. Obliczono także wspołczynnik korelacji prostej pomiędzy badanymi cechami a wiekiem pierwszego wycielenia oraz długością okresu międzywycieleniowego. Najwyższą wydajność mleka, tłuszczu i białka w pierwszej i drugiej laktacji osiągały krowy, których wiek pierwszego wycielenia przypadał na okres powyżej 26 miesięcy. W laktacji trzeciej najwyższą wydajność mleka i białka stwierdzono w grupie krów wycielonych najwcześniej, tj. w wieku poniżej 23 miesięcy. Największą zawartość białka w pierwszej, drugiej i trzeciej laktacji stwierdzono w mleku krów wycielonych po raz pierwszy w wieku poniżej 23 miesięcy. Najkorzystniejszym okresem międzywycieleniowym dla badanego stada był okres powyżej 401 dni.Pozycja Open Access The Milk Yield of Ukrainian Holstein Is Related to the Immunobiological Parameters of Blood of Calves(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2018) Milostiviy, Roman; Antonenko, Petro; Kostyuk, Volodymyr; Vasilenko, Tatyana; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Dnepropetrovsk State University of Agriculture and Economics, Dnipro, Ukraine 1National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Dnepropetrovsk State University of Agriculture and Economics, Dnipro, Ukraine 1National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Dnepropetrovsk State University of Agriculture and Economics, Dnipro, Ukraine 1National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Dnepropetrovsk State University of Agriculture and Economics, Dnipro, Ukraine 1National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandDecrease in productive longevity of dairy cows in conditions of industrial dairy complexes causes another problem, which is connected with the timely replenishment of the herd with calves for replacement. Therefore, the cultivation of heifers has very great impact. Much attention is focused on early prediction of the future calves productivity for obtaining highly productive cows. At the same time, the growth rates and development in ontogenesis are studied very often, but blood values are rarely evaluated. In the literature available to us, there is little information about the relationship between calves' humoral and cellular immunity values with the future productivity of the cow. These indicators are traditionally used to characterize the immunobiological reactivity of an organism and the calves' health, and there is practically no information on their relationship to the productive longevity of a dairy cow. This is partly due to the difficulties associated with the duration of the research, since the cow must complete its productive life. A positive and reliable relationship is established between the immunobiological characteristics of calves' blood and their lifelong milk yield when they become a cow. The greatest correlation was noted between the milk productivity's indicators and bactericidal activity of blood serum (r = 0.63–0.69, P < 0.05). The relationship between cellular factors of body defense (phagocytic activity of neutrophils) and the immunoglobulins content of classes G and M with signs of milk productivity was less dense. It was, respectively, r = 0.31–0.41 and r = 0.58–0.63 (P < 0.05). This makes it possible to conclude that the studies conducted in this direction are promising, and assessing calves' immune status for predicting the yield of cow milk. The results obtained by us require further confirmation in a more significant number of animals.Pozycja Open Access Morphometric study of the uterus of lowland European Bison Bison Bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2016) Olbrych, Katarzyna; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Bartyzel, Bartłomiej J.; Max, Andrzej; Szara, Tomasz; Departament of Mofphological Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warszawa; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Departament of Mofphological Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warszawa; Departament of Small Animal Diseases whit Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warszawa; Departament of Mofphological Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, WarszawaDespite successful restitution in Poland, European bison still belongs to endangered species. The aim of study was to describe the morphology of the uterus of European bison and to perform morphometric analysis of the organ as well as to compare findings with available data on domestic cattle. The material consisted of female genital organs obtained from 55 females living in the Białowieża Forest. The animals were divided into two age groups. Group I consisted of 36 sexually immature females, while group II comprised 19 sexually mature animals. Significant differences were observed between the two age groups. In young female uteri, except cranial parts of horns, lay in the pelvic cavity. In older animals, most of which have already given birth, uteri were bigger, therefore only a distal half of the cervix was located in the pelvis, while the rest of the organ stretched to the abdominal cavity. Generally, the uterus of the European bison is similar to that organ in domestic cows, however some differences were specified, may be related to a different lifestyle.Pozycja Open Access Nutritional Value of Poultry Meat Utilized in the Dogs Diet(Wydawnictwo Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2018) Biel, Wioletta; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Department of Pig Breeding, Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandPoultry meat is an important source of energy and nutrients, ensuring high quality of protein in the diet of dogs. The aim of the research was to determine the quality of broiler chicken meat. The experimental material of the paper were broiler chickens ROSS 308 reared in controlled environmental conditions up to 42 days of age. The content of basic ingredients and the amino acid profile were determined in breast and thigh muscles. Based on the research, it was found that the breast muscles contain more protein and less fat than the thigh muscles. The femoral muscles were characterized by a higher content of intramuscular fat, which influenced their higher energy value. Poultry meat has a high protein nutritional quality, is a good source of essential amino acids, which is beneficial in terms of nutrition.Pozycja Open Access The polymorphism C9681T in the prolactin receptor gene and functional traits of dairy cattle(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Kowalewska-Łuczak, Inga; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe study analyzed the polymorphism of single nucleotide substitution C9681T (A536V) type, located in exon 10 of prolactin receptor gene. The study was conducted in a herd of cattle of Polish Holstein-Friesian breed of black and white variety. Identification of genotypes of individuals was performed using PCR-RFLP. The study stated the following frequency of C9681T polymorphism alleles: C-0.81 and T- 0.19. TT genotype was not identified in the analysis. Statistical analysis showed that the CC genotype cows were characterized by higher milk yield as compared with cows with the heterozygous genotype, and the latter were characterized by a longer calving interval. The results were not confirmed statistically.Pozycja Open Access Selected factors which cause fertility disorders in dairy cows(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2017) Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Medyk, Pamela; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe aim of the study was to identify selected factors influencing the dairy cows' reproductive disorders and some mistakes made by breeders in running herd, especially concerning feeding. Environmental factors influencing fertility were analysed and factors influencing its disorders were characterized. As one of the main causes of fertility disorders in large herds was indicated inappropriate veterinary care.Pozycja Open Access Specific Characteristic of Sheep’s Milk and Pro-Health Properties Depending on the Somatic Cells Count(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2020) Wrzecińska, Marcjanna; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, PolandSheep milk is a valuable product due to its properties and composition. It is richer in high-quality protein and contains more nutritional value compared to the milk of other ruminants. Raw milk is characterized by a lack of enzymatic activity and a lack of pathogenic microorganisms. Milk also has a high content of minerals. For this reason, sheep's milk is a good raw material for the dairy industry and the production of fermented milk drinks as well as cheese. During lactation, the content of individual milk ingredients and milk yield fluctuate, which translates into the nutritional value of the product. Also, the content of somatic cells in milk is significantly different between the peak and the end of lactation of animals. The increase in cellular elements is a major indicator of mammary gland infection. The cause of mastitis is bacterial infection or mechanical teat damage. Inflammation of the mammary gland is a serious problem for dairy farmers due to the health and economic aspects of this disease, which is the main cause of slaughtering ewes and the fall of many animals, as well as enforcing the cost of healing females, and the obtained milk is utilized. It is estimated that up to 60% of sheep in herds can suffer from asymptomatic mastitis, which is a serious problem for the dairy industry. That is why research is important to analyze the amount of somatic cells in milk.