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Pozycja Open Access Biology and parasitology of european beaver (Castor fiber L. 1758) – selected issues(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2016) Sikorowski, Karol; Niemiec, Tomasz; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Makarski, Mateusz; Bartyzel, Bartłomiej J.; Paśko, Sławomir; Koczoń, Piotr; Division of Animal Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Division of Animal Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Division of Animal Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences,; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Virtual Reality Techniques Division, Warsaw University of Technology; Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life SciencesBeavers are known as biggest rodents leaving in Europe and North America. Two species are included in beaver family: eurpoean beaver (Castor fiber, L.1758) and candian beaver (Castor canadensis, Kuhl 1820). In ancient times beavers existed in whole Europe and in the part of Asia, while their population in Europe decreased systematically from IX century on due to extensive hunts. Consequently, in the end of XIX century only few beavers groups existed in Europe. Within after second world war Poland numerically 130 specimens of European beaver were present. Since then on active protection of this species has started including many environmental programs. It resulted in systematic increase of beaver specimens. Currently beavers came back to their previous regions and some new regions are occupied as well. Their amount reaches over 89000 specimens. This manuscript presents detailed structure of beavers body and their physiology allowing to leave In both water and on land. Beavers natural feed, digestive track, digestive process are described as well. Issues related to reproduction and bringing up are described too. Natural predators are presented. Inside and outside parasites with their action are presented.Pozycja Open Access Selected Issues of Euthanasia of Animals Part II. The Ethics in Facing Death(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Mikuła, Małgorzata; Kulawik, Mirosława; Szlufik, Krzysztof; Rzepiński, Filip; Bartyzel, Bartłomiej J.; Nowicki, Marek; Paśko, Sławomir; Murawska, Daria; Koczoń, Piotr; Gruszczyńska, Joanna; Przysiecki, Piotr; Niemiec, Tomasz; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Animal Anatomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Virtual Reality Techniques Division, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland; Department of Commodity Science and Animal Improvement, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Institute of Agriculture, Jan Amos Komeński State School of Higher Vocational Education in Leszno, Poland; Division of Animal Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, PolandAnimal euthanasia causes religious and ethical difficulties among veterinary doctors. The approach to the issue of animal losing life often influences the relationships between the owner and the doctor. This problem is a professional and private challenge. Inadequate attitude to the existing situation can cause a long-lasting loss of trust. Euthanasia of cattle, swines and poultry can also be a challenge in case of infectious diseases.Pozycja Open Access Selected Issues of Euthanasia of Animals: Part I – Eliminating the Suffering(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Mikuła, Małgorzata; Kulawik, Mirosława; Szlufik, Krzysztof; Rzepiński, Filip; Bartyzel, Bartłomiej J.; Nowicki, Marek; Paśko, Sławomir; Murawska, Daria; Koczoń, Piotr; Gruszczyńska, Joanna; Przysiecki, Piotr; Niemiec, Tomasz; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Animal Anatomy, Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Virtual Reality Techniques Division, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland; Department of Commodity Science and Animal Improvement, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Institute of Agriculture, Jan Amos Komeński State School of Higher Vocational Education in Leszno, Poland; Division of Animal Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, PolandFrancis Bacon’s renaissance idea of alleviating the suffering of patients contributed to the creation of the concept of euthanasia and its evolution over the ages with the following change of moral and ethical attitudes in human and veterinary medicine. In the 21’st century there is an ongoing controversy around the legalisation of euthanasia in people terminally ill. On the other hand the quality and quantity of measures imposed on palliative care are improving. Various social groups are trying to justify purposefulness of euthanasia or not to allow to its legalization (Gielen et al. 2009; Łużyński 2011). In world of animals euthanasia is characterized by the willingness of alleviating suffering in devastated animals or in extreme cases threatening the life of people and other animals. In both cases motives of euthanasia can be justified by Polish law including the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.