Przeglądaj wg Autor "Wanag, Agnieszka"

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    CO2 Reduction to Valuable Chemicals on TiO2-Carbon Photocatalysts Deposited on Silica Cloth
    (MDPI, 2021-12-28) Morawski, Antoni Waldemar; Ćmielewska, Katarzyna; Witkowski, Kordian; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Pełech, Iwona; Staciwa, Piotr; Ekiert, Ewa; Sibera, Daniel; Wanag, Agnieszka; Gano, Marcin; Narkiewicz, Urszula
    A new photocatalyst for CO2 reduction has been presented. The photocatalyst was prepared from a combination of a commercial P25 with a mesopore structure and carbon spheres with a microporous structure with high CO2 adsorption capacity. Then, the obtained hybrid TiO2-carbon sphere photocatalysts were deposited on a glass fiber fabric. The combined TiO2-carbon spheres/silica cloth photocatalysts showed higher efficiency in the two-electron CO2 reduction towards CO than in the eight-electron reaction to methane. The 0.5 g graphitic carbon spheres combined with 1 g of TiO2 P25 resulted in almost 100% selectivity to CO. From a practical point of view, this is promising as it economically eliminates the need to separate CO from the gas mixture after the reaction, which also contains CH4 and H2.
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    PozycjaOpen Access
    CO2 Reduction to Valuable Chemicals on TiO2-Carbon Photocatalysts Deposited on Silica Cloth
    (MDPI, 2021-12-28) Morawski, Antoni W.; Cmielewska, Katarzyna; Witkowski, Kordian; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Pelech, Iwona; Staciwa, Piotr; Ekiert, Ewa; Sibera, Daniel; Wanag, Agnieszka; Gano, Marcin; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie
    A new photocatalyst for CO2 reduction has been presented. The photocatalyst was prepared from a combination of a commercial P25 with a mesopore structure and carbon spheres with a microporous structure with high CO2 adsorption capacity. Then, the obtained hybrid TiO2-carbon sphere photocatalysts were deposited on a glass fiber fabric. The combined TiO2-carbon spheres/silica cloth photocatalysts showed higher efficiency in the two-electron CO2 reduction towards CO than in the eight-electron reaction to methane. The 0.5 g graphitic carbon spheres combined with 1 g of TiO2 P25 resulted in almost 100% selectivity to CO. From a practical point of view, this is promising as it economically eliminates the need to separate CO from the gas mixture after the reaction, which also contains CH4 and H-2.
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    PozycjaOpen Access
    CO2 Sorbents Based on Spherical Carbon and Photoactive Metal Oxides: Insight into Adsorption Capacity, Selectivity and Regenerability
    (MDPI, 2022-10-11) Pełech, Iwona; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Staciwa, Piotr; Sibera, Daniel; Kapica‐Kozar, Joanna; Wanag, Agnieszka; Latzke, Filip; Pawłowska, Karolina; Michalska, Adrianna; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni W.
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    CO2 Sorbents Based on Spherical Carbon and Photoactive Metal Oxides: Insight into Adsorption Capacity, Selectivity and Regenerability
    (MDPI, 2022-10-11) Pełech, Iwona; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Staciwa, Piotr; Sibera, Daniel; Kapica-Kozar, Joanna; Wanag, Agnieszka; Latzke, Filip; Pawłowska, Karolina; Michalska, Adrianna; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni W.; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie
    This work aimed to obtain hybrid composites based on photoactive metal oxide and carbon having adsorption properties. The materials, composed of titanium dioxide or zinc oxide and spherical carbon, were obtained from resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, treated in a solvothermal reactor heated with microwaves and then subjected to carbonization, were received. The functional groups of pure carbon spheres (unsaturated stretching C=C, stretching C-OH and C-H bending vibrations), CS/ZnO and CS/TiO2 samples were determined by FT-IR analysis. The characteristic bands for ZnO and TiO2 were observed below 1000 cm(-1). The thermal oxidative properties are similar for TiO2- and ZnO-modified carbon spheres. We have observed that the increased carbon sphere content in nanocomposites results in starting the decomposition process at a lower temperature, therefore, nanocomposites have a broader combustion temperature range. The effect of the oxides' addition to carbon spheres on their adsorption properties was evaluated in detail by examining CO2 adsorption from the gas phase. The selectivity of CO2 over N-2 at a temperature of 25 degrees C and pressure of 1 bar (a novelty in testing CS-based sorbents) calculated for 3.00 CS/TiO2 and 4.00 CS/ZnO was 15.09 and 16.95, respectively. These nanocomposites exhibit excellent cyclic stability checked over 10 consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles.
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    DC magnetization of titania supported on reduced graphene oxide flakes
    (De Gruyter, 2021-10-19) Guskos, Nikos; Żołnierkiewicz, Grzegorz; Guskos, Aleksander; Aidinis, Konstantinos; Glenis, Spiros; Wanag, Agnieszka; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni W.; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie
    DC magnetization of a series of titania nano-composites modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been investigated. Hysteresis loops observed at room temperature disappeared at low temperatures. At a temperature of about 100 K, a phase transition to the super-ferromagnetic order state was observed, probably due to the linear expansion and self-reorientation of the magnetic moments. Processes associated with magnetic moment reorientation can cause a hysteresis loop to disappear at low temperatures as well as superferromagnetic ordering. It was suggested that the isolated nanoparticle in the nanopore could be used to create a "compass" at a nanometer-sized level that would be many times more sensitive than the conventional one. Measurements of the zero-field cooling and field cooling modes do not exclude the possibility of the coexistence of a superparamagnetic state.
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    Effective green ammonia synthesis from gaseous nitrogen and CO2 saturated-water vapour utilizing a novel photocatalytic reactor
    (ScienceDirect, 2022-10-15) Morawski, Antoni Waldemar; Ćmielewska, Katarzyna; Ekiert, Ewa; Kusiak‐Nejman, Ewelina; Pełech, Iwona; Staciwa, Piotr; Sibera, Daniel; Wanag, Agnieszka; Kapica‐Kozar, Joanna; Gano, Marcin; Lendzion-Bieluń, Zofia; Narkiewicz, Urszula
    The ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen derived from water vapor in the photocatalytic process performed under mild conditions is presented. A new solution of a gas-phase photocatalytic reactor with the bed in the form of a UV transparent glass fiber cloth coated with AEROXIDE® P25 TiO2 was applied. The bed in the reactor is located just above the water surface. The gases circulate from above towards the water surface, where the produced ammonia is easily absorbed and continuously separated from the gas phase, shifting the ammonia synthesis equilibrium towards the product. The highest amount of ammonia (about 1.3 mmol NH4+/g TiO2 after 6 h) was obtained at 20 °C, and with the use of the gaseous mixture containing CO2 (15%), N2 (85%), and water vapour derived from water located at the bottom of the reactor. Carbon dioxide in the reaction environment is simultaneously reduced to carbon monoxide and methane.
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    Influence of the calcination of TiO2-reduced graphite hybrid for the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide
    (Elsevier, 2021-06-09) Morawski, Antoni Waldemar; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Wanag, Agnieszka; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Edelmannova, Miroslava; Reli, Martin; Koci, Kamila; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej. Katedra Technologii Chemicznej Nieorganicznej i Inżynierii Środowiska; Technical University of Ostrava. Institute of Environmental Technology; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering. Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering
    In this work, a conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into methane, carbon monoxide, as well as hydrogen was investigated. The TiO2/rGO photocatalysts were prepared by two steps: solvothermal method and calcination at 500, 800, and 1000 ◦C in an argon atmosphere. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV–vis/DRS), N2 adsorption-desorption and analysis of carbon content. The activity of photocatalysts was evaluated in the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. The TiO2/rGO-10 without calcination showed the highest activity toward CO2 conversion. It was found that all samples after rGO modification exhibited good activity toward H2 generation with high selectivity. The enhanced photocatalytic performance was attributed mainly to the presence of graphene due to its excellent electron transport/collection ability.
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    Magnetic moment centers in titanium dioxide photocatalysts loaded on reduced graphene oxide flakes
    (De Gruyter, 2021-01) Guskos, Nikos; Zolnierkiewicz, Grzegorz; Guskos, Aleksander; Aidinis, Konstantinos; Wanag, Agnieszka; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni W.; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie
    A whole series of titania nanocomposites modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared using solvothermal method followed by calcination. Modification of titania with rGO has been found to lead to better photocatalytic properties. The highest photocatalytic performance was obtained at calcination temperature of 600 degrees C. Electron paramagnetic resonance/ferromagnetic resonance measurements showed oxygen defects and ferromagnetic ordering systems. The linewidth of resonance line of oxygen defects decreased linearly with calcination temperature increasing up to 600 degrees C and an accompanying growth of mean crystallite size of anatase phase. The integrated resonance line intensity of oxygen defects depended on the calcination temperature and caused a very large increase in the intensity of resonance lines originating from oxygen defects, because inert atmosphere of calcination was enhanced by graphene presence. The occurrence of magnetic ordering system significantly influenced the performance of photocatalytic processes by changing the amount of oxygen defects.
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    Magnetic Resonance Studies of Hybrid Nanocomposites Containing Nanocrystalline TiO2 and Graphene-Related Materials
    (MDPI, 2022-03-18) Guskos, Niko; Żołnierkiewicz, Grzegorz; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Guskos, Aleksander; Aidinis, Konstantinos; Bobrowska, Marta; Berczyński, Paweł; Wanag, Agnieszka; Pełech, Iwona; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni Waldemar
    Nanocomposites based on nanocrystalline titania modified with graphene-related materials (reduced and oxidized form of graphene) showed the existence of magnetic agglomerates. All parameters of magnetic resonance spectra strongly depended on the materials’ modification processes. The reduction of graphene oxide significantly increased the number of magnetic moments, which caused crucial changes in the reorientation and relaxation processes. At room temperature, a wide resonance line dominated for all nanocomposites studied and in some cases, a narrow resonance line derived from the conduction electrons. Some nanocomposites (samples of titania modified with graphene oxide, prepared with the addition of water or butan-1-ol) showed a single domain magnetic (ferromagnetic) arrangement, and others (samples of titania modified with reduced graphene oxide) exhibited magnetic anisotropy. In addition, the spectra of EPR from free radicals were observed for all samples at the temperature of 4 K. The magnetic resonance imaging methods enable the capturing of even a small number of localized magnetic moments, which significantly affects the physicochemical properties of the materials.
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    Magnetic Resonance Studies of Hybrid Nanocomposites Containing Nanocrystalline TiO2 and Graphene-Related Materials
    (MDPI, 2022-03-18) Guskos, Nikos; Żolnierkiewicz, Grzegorz; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Guskos, Aleksander; Aidinis, Konstantinos; Bobrowska, Marta; Berczynski, Paweł; Wanag, Agnieszka; Pełech, Iwona; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni W.; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie
    Nanocomposites based on nanocrystalline titania modified with graphene related materials (reduced and oxidized form of graphene) showed the existence of magnetic agglomerates. All parameters of magnetic resonanc spectra strongly depended on the materials’ modification processes. The reduction of graphene oxide significantly increased the number of magnetic moments, which caused crucial changes in the reorientation and relaxation processes. At room temperature, a wide resonance line dominated for all nanocomposites studied and in some cases, a narrow resonance line derived from the conduction electrons. Some nanocomposites (samples of titania modified with graphene oxide, prepared with the addition of water or butan-1-ol) showed a single domain magnetic (ferromagnetic) arrangement, and others (samples of titania modified with reduced graphene oxide) exhibited magnetic anisotropy. In addition, the spectra of EPR from free radicals were observed for all samples at the temperature of 4 K. The magnetic resonance imaging methods enable the capturing of even a small number of localized magnetic moments, which significantly affects the physicochemical properties of the materials.
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    New Insight on Carbon Dioxide-Mediated Hydrogen Production
    (Chemistry Europe, European Chemical Societies Publishing, 2022-04-03) Morawski, Antoni W.; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Pełech, Iwona; Cmielewska, Katarzyna; Sibera, Daniel; Staciwa, Piotr; Wanag, Agnieszka; Gano, Marcin; Ekiert, Ewa; Kapica-Kozar, Joanna; Witkowski, Kordian; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie
    A new approach to hydrogen production from water is described. This simple method is based on carbon dioxide-mediated water decomposition under UV radiation. The water contained dissolved sodium hydroxide, and the solution was saturated with gaseous carbon dioxide. During saturation, the pH decreased from about 11.5 to 7-8. The formed bicarbonate and carbonate ions acted as scavengers for hydroxyl radicals, preventing the recombination of hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals and prioritizing hydrogen gas formation. In the presented method, not yet reported in the literature, hydrogen production is combined with carbon dioxide. For the best system with alkaline water (0.2 m NaOH) saturated with CO2 under UV-C, the hydrogen production amounted to 0.6 mu mol h(-1) during 24 h of radiation.
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    New Insight on Carbon Dioxide–Mediated Hydrogen Production
    (Chemistry Europe, 2022-04-03) Morawski, Antoni Waldemar; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Pełech, Iwona; Ćmielewska, Katarzyna; Sibera, Daniel; Staciwa, Piotr; Wanag, Agnieszka; Gano, Marcin; Ekiert, Ewa; Kapica‐Kozar, Joanna; Witkowski, Kordian; Narkiewicz, Urszula
    A new approach to hydrogen production from water is described. This simple method is based on carbon dioxide-mediated water decomposition under UV radiation. The water contained dissolved sodium hydroxide, and the solution was saturated with gaseous carbon dioxide. During saturation, the pH decreased from about 11.5 to 7–8. The formed bicarbonate and carbonate ions acted as scavengers for hydroxyl radicals, preventing the recombination of hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals and prioritizing hydrogen gas formation. In the presented method, not yet reported in the literature, hydrogen production is combined with carbon dioxide. For the best system with alkaline water (0.2 m NaOH) saturated with CO2 under UV-C, the hydrogen production amounted to 0.6 μmol h−1 during 24 h of radiation.
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    On the Selectivity of Simultaneous CO2 and N2 Reduction Using TiO2/Carbon Sphere Photocatalysts Prepared by Microwave Treatment and Mounted on Silica Cloth
    (MDPI, 2023-08-24) Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Ćmielewska, Katarzytna; Pełech, Iwona; Ekiert, Ewa; Staciwa, Piotr; Sibera, Daniel; Wanag, Agnieszka; Kapica-Kozar, Joanna; Gano, Marcin; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni Waldemar; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Budownictwa i Inżynierii Środowiska. Katedra Budownictwa Ogólnego; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej. Katedra Technologii Chemicznej Nieorganicznej i Inżynierii Środowiska; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej. Katedra Technologii Chemicznej Organicznej i Materiałów Polimerowych; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering. Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department of General Civil Engineering; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering. Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials
    This paper presents new photocatalysts obtained by treating carbon spheres (CS) and TiO2 in a microwave reactor at a pressure of 20 atm and a temperature of up to 300 °C for 15 min and then depositing TiO2/CS composites on glass fibre cloths. Such highly CO2-adsorbing photocatalysts showed photoactivity in the simultaneous water-splitting process, generating H2, reducing CO2 to CO and CH4, and reducing N2 to NH3. In addition, calculations of the hydrogen balance involved in all reactions were performed. Adding 1 g of carbon spheres per 1 g of TiO2 maintained the high selectivity of nitrogen fixation at 95.87–99.5%, which was continuously removed from the gas phase into the water as NH4+ ions.
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    Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over Ti3+ self-doped TiO2-based nanomaterials
    (Elsevier, 2024-02-14) Ricka, Rudolf; Wanag, Agnieszka; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Moszynski, Dariusz; Edelmannova, Miroslava Filip; Reli, Martin; Badura, Zdenek; Zoppellaro, GIorgio; Zboril, Radek; Morawski, Antoni W.; Koci, Kamila; Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VˇSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Inorganic Technology and Environment Engineering, ul. Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Inorganic Technology and Environment Engineering, ul. Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland Szczecin, Poland; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Inorganic Technology and Environment Engineering, ul. Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland; Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, ˇSlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VˇSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, ˇSlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VˇSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, ˇSlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VˇSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Inorganic Technology and Environment Engineering, ul. Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland; Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VˇSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreˇckova 275, Czech Republic
    In this study, we explored the photocatalytic efficacy of Ti3+-doped TiO2-based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. The Ti3+ self-doped photocatalysts were synthesized using a straightforward chemical reduction with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Our investigation aimed to elucidate the intricate interplay between the synthesis process and the quantity of NaBH4 reductant on the physical-chemical and photocatalytic attributes of the defective TiO2-based photocatalysts. We explored three different commercially available TiO2 materials labeled P25, (S) TiO2, and KRONOClean7050, which were reduced (2 g of TiO2) with 0.75 and 1.5 g of NaBH4. The reduction with 0.75 g of NaBH4 led to a significant decrease of photocatalytic activity in all three cases. It was caused by clogging of the photocatalysts surface by sodium ions which resulted in the surface recombination of charge carriers. Oppositely, the reduction with 1.5 g of NaBH4, led to an increase of the photocatalytic activity with superior performance of KRONOClean7050. The comprehensive characterization of all the samples explained this superior performance of KC7050_RED_1.5 sample. Importantly, it did not contain any amorphous phase and the crystal size was two times higher compared to other 2 samples reduced by 1.5 g of NaBH4. In the addition to higher crystallinity, the formation of a disordered TiO2− x layer, enriched with Ti3+ defects and oxygen vacancies, was confirmed. These structural features enhance the light absorption and mitigate undesired recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. These results would trigger farther investigation of defect engineering towards enhancement of the efficiency of metal oxide photocatalysts.
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    ZnO/Carbon Spheres with Excellent Regenerability for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture
    (MDPI, 2021-10-28) Pełech, Iwona; Sibera, Daniel; Staciwa, Piotr; Kusiak-Nejman, Ewelina; Kapica-Kozar, Joanna; Wanag, Agnieszka; Narkiewicz, Urszula; Morawski, Antoni W.; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej. Katedra Technologii Chemicznej Nieorganicznej i Inżynierii Środowiska; Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydział Budownictwa i Inżynierii Środowiska. Katedra Budownictwa Ogólnego; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering. Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering; West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department of General Civil Engineering
    This paper examines the synthesis of the ZnO/carbon spheres composites using resorcinol—formaldehyde resin as a carbon source and zinc nitrate as a zinc oxide source in a solvothermal reactor heated with microwaves. The influence of activation with potassium oxalate and modification with zinc nitrate on the physicochemical properties of the obtained materials and CO2 adsorption capacity was investigated. It was found that in the case of nonactivated material as well as activated materials, the presence of zinc oxide in the carbon matrix had no effect or slightly increased the values of CO2 adsorption capacity. Only for the material where the weight ratio of carbon:zinc was 2:1, the decrease of CO2 adsorption capacity was reported. Additionally, CO2 adsorption experiments on nonactivated carbon spheres and those activated with potassium oxalate with different amounts of zinc nitrate were carried out at 40 °C using thermobalance. The highest CO2 adsorption capacity at temperature 40 °C (2.08 mmol/g adsorbent) was achieved for the material after activation with potassium oxalate with the highest zinc nitrate content as ZnO precursor. Moreover, repeated adsorption/desorption cycle experiments revealed that the as-prepared carbon spheres were very good CO2 adsorbents, exhibiting excellent cyclic stability with a performance decay of less than 10% over up to 25 adsorption-desorption cycles.