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    A systematic experimental study on biochar-cementitious composites: Towards carbon sequestration
    (Elsevier BV, 2022-05-26) Sikora, Paweł; Woliński, Paweł; Chougan, Mehdi; Madraszewski, Szymon; Węgrzyński, Wojciech; Papis, Bartłomiej K.; Federowicz, Karol; Ghaffar, Seyed Hamidreza; Stephan, Dietmar; Department of Civil Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 13355, Germany; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Collegium Mazovia Innovative School, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; Building Research Institute (ITB), 00-611 Warsaw, Poland
    The utilisation of biochar, the carbon negative product of pyrolysis, reduces the carbon footprint of the cementitious composites as it possesses the potential to replace the consumption of Portland cement. In a systematic investigation, biochar was used as a partial cement replacement for up to 20 wt% in both cement pastes and mortars. A comprehensive experimental framework was conducted to evaluate the impact of biochar replacement on the performance of (i) cement paste in terms of hydration kinetics, rheology, strength development, porosity, and (ii) mortars in terms of mechanical, thermal, and transport properties. In addition, the durability of developed mortars, including freezing and thawing resistance, thermal resistance, acid (corrosion) resistance, flammability, and smoke production, were examined. The results revealed that lower replacement rates of cement with biochar (up to 5 wt%) do not substantially change the performance of cementitious composites. However, incorporating biochar in higher dosages (i.e., 20 wt%) influenced the hydration process, reduced flexural and compressive strengths by 49% and 29%, respectively, and increased the water absorption coefficient by 60% compared to control specimens. The same cement mortar demonstrated the most promising freeze-thaw (i.e., 98% relative residual compressive strength), acid resistance as well as considerably lower thermal conductivity. In addition, regardless of biochar content, mortars did not exhibit flammability. Therefore, this study demonstrated that despite specific technical issues, biochar can be successfully incorporated into high dosage to cementitious composite as an alternative binder with minimum environmental impacts to improve durability and insulating performance of mortars.