Wydanie 367(66)2 2023
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Pozycja Open Access Genetic Aspects of Lactose Synthesis in Dairy Cattle(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Śpiewak , Magdalena; Kowalewska, Inga; Czerniawska-Piątkowska, Ewa; Department of Genetics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Genetics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandMarket requirements, dictated by the growing needs of consumers, make it necessary to conduct breeding works to improve the performance characteristics of farm animals. The effectiveness of the breeding goal depends on both the genotype of the animals and the environmental conditions. Genomic selection using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is increasingly used in the selection and evaluation of dairy cattle breeds. In recent years, many experiments have been carried out to determine the relationship between the occurrence of the genotype and performance traits of livestock. The analysis of milk composition carried out so far focused mainly on such milk production traits as milk yield (kg), fat yield (kg), fat content (%), protein yield (kg) and protein content (%). So far, no largescale experiments have been carried out to test the content of lactose in milk and evaluate possible relationships with other milk performance traits. Lactose synthesis in the epithelial cells of the mammary gland serves as a major factor influencing milk volume production. Due to that conducting such an analysis seems to be beneficial for milk producers for economic reasons. An additional advantage may be the use of the obtained results in marker-assisted selection (MAS). The present review summarizes knowledge about lactose synthesis by covering and linking several aspects of cow’s milk.Pozycja Open Access The Proposal for Monitoring of Xenopus tropicalis (Gray, 1864) in West Africa(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Stojak, Julia; Faculty of Animal Breeding, Bioengineering and Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warszawa, PolandThe main aim of the study was to present the suggested methods of monitoring Xenopus tropicalis, belonging to the subgenus Silurana of the Pipidae family. This species is a model animal, in laboratories it is kept in different conditions than the conditions of the natural environment, which proves its adaptation to a new habitat. In addition, an amphibian inhabiting West Africa has been found in the USA in the wild. This may indicate a potential threat as an invasive species. Active monitoring of this species can provide information about the spread and adaptation to new habitats. So far, no method for monitoring X. tropicalis has been proposed. The proposed method of assessing the condition of the species is based on field studies – the presence and abundance of individuals, while the assessment of the habitat includes many factors such as: the size and depth of the reservoir, its shading and overgrowth of the water surface, the presence of other animals (fish, other species of amphibians, reptiles) and nutritional base (presence of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates). The proposed monitoring methods can also be used for other species of the Pipidae family that lead a typically aquatic lifestyle.Pozycja Open Access Effect of lactation number and average daily milk yield in complete lactation on the dry period length of Polish Holstein -Friesian cows(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Salamończyk, Ewa; Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, Siedlce, PolanThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of average daily milk yield in complete lactation and lactation number in cows producing at least 8,500 kg of milk in 305-day lactation on the length of the dry period before the next lactation. A total of 1,965 complete, extended lactations in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows subject to use value assessment were analysed. The average complete-lactation daily milk yield was shown to influence the length of the dry period. The average dry period length was 44 days. Dry period length decreased in successive milk-yield groups, from 50 days (average daily yield up to 25 kg of milk) to 28 days (average daily yield over 35 kg in complete lactation). Thus it was confirmed that as milk yield increased, it was more difficult to end lactation. The shortest dry period (only 25 days) was recorded in the youngest cows (second and third lactation) with the highest average daily milk yield in complete lactation (>35 kg). In the oldest cows, i.e. those in their sixth lactation and higher, no statistically significant differences were shown in the length of the dry period depending on daily yieldPozycja Open Access Grain yield and morphological characteristics of spring triticale plants as affected by cultivar as well as multinutrient fertiliser type and rate(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Rzążewska, Emilia; Gąsiorowska, Barbara; Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, Siedlce, Poland; Vocational State School of Ignacy Mościcki in Ciechanów, Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Ciechanów, PolandA field experiment was conducted in Borki-Wyrki, Zbuczyn Gmina (commune), from 2017 to 2019. The objective was to assess yield performance and morphological characteristics of two spring triticale cultivars as affected by multinutrient fertiliser type and rate, the fertilisers being Polifoska 6 and Polifoska Krzem. Three experimental factors were tested: spring triticale cultivar – Milewo and Dublet, mineral fertiliser type – Polifoska 6 and Polifoska Krzem, and mineral fertiliser rate –0 kg∙ha−1, 140 kg∙ha−1, 280 kg∙ha−1, 420 kg∙ha−1. Spring triticale plant development and yield performance were significant affected by experimental factors, that is cultivar, fertiliser type and rate, were shown to influence these characteristics. Superior yields were produced by cv. Dublet compared with cv. Milewo. Cultivars fertilised with Polifoska Krzem produced higher grain yields than Polifoska 6. An increase in fertiliser rate was followed by higher grain yields. Spring triticale cultivar as well as multi-nutrient fertiliser type and rate significantly affected ear length. Significantly longer ears were developed by cv. Milewo. Longer ears were developed by cereal plants fertilised with Polifoska 6. Similarly, higher fertiliser rates had a beneficial effect on ear length. Fertiliser rate contributed to a significant increase in plant height compared with unamended control. Cv. Milewo plants were significantly higher than cv. Dublet plants.Pozycja Open Access Nutritional problems of large and giant breed dogs. Part II. Adult dogs(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Kępińska-Pacelik, Jagoda; Biel, Wioletta; Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland; Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, PolandThe subject of dog nutrition is gaining popularity due to the growing awareness of the caregivers. Although there are foods dedicated to dogs of different breeds available on the market, caregivers relatively rarely wonder what they really differ from each other and what significance it has for animals. Many dogs are fed the same food for extended periods of time. The product designated as a complete/maintenance food is, according to legal regulations, balanced in such a way that it can be the only source of food for the animal, without leading to nutrient deficiencies. A dog’s digestive tract has not changed for hundreds of years, but the physiology of dog nutrition depends on the size of the breed. Dogs of small, medium, large and giant breeds, despite the fact that they belong to one species, have different nutritional needs. These differences must be taken into account in order to meet the needs as best as possible. The smaller the dog, the greater the digestive volume, and vice versa. The diet of large and giant breed dogs should be enriched with functional additives supporting the work of the joints. This need results from the fact that representatives of large and giant breeds, due to their size and large body weight, are particularly exposed to excessive strain on the elbows and hips.Pozycja Open Access Monitoring Proposal of the Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852)(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Wróblewski , Paweł; Faculty of Animal Breeding, Bioengineering and Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, PolandInvasive alien species are one of the major problems in Polish fauna and flora. They can displace native species and cause economic losses. Such animals as red swamp crayfish have a wide tolerance to changing living conditions, which means that their range of occurrence increases over time. The current area of red swamp crayfish in Poland includes several locations, but reports indicate that this species inhabits many other reservoirs. It is very important that the red swamp crayfish population is regularly monitored, which may limit the number of this crustacean in Polish waters.Pozycja Open Access Molecular diagnostic tests identifying carriers of SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 gene mutations causing cystinuria in domestic catin Silico analysis(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Kałuska, Joanna; Grzegrzółka, Beata; Gruszczyńska, Joanna; Scientific Association of Experimental and Laboratory Animals, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warszawa, Poland; Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warszawa, Poland; Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warszawa, PolandCystinuria is an inherited genetic disease associated with mutations in the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes. The results of studies in cats indicate heterogeneity of the disease. So far 1 mutation in the SLC3A1 gene and 5 mutations in the SLC7A9 gene have been discovered. Cystinuria is often detected too late (later in life), when adults have already had offspring. Quick and easy diagnosis of the disease is therefore important, even before the symptoms appear. The aim of this study was to design simple diagnostic tests to detect 6 mutations that can cause feline cystinuria. Bioinformatic analysis of the linkage of SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 with other proteins was performed and attempts were made to evaluate the structural and functional changes that occur due to mutations. The following programs and databases were used in the bioinformatics analysis: Ensembl, NCBI, Primer-BLAST, NEBcutter, STRING, SWISS-MODEL, Variant Effect Predictor (VEP). The proposed primers and en zymes for PCR-RFLP and AS-PCR assays enable the identification of mutation carriers. Identified proteins interactions suggest possible links between cystinuria and the development of other diseases. This may indirectly explain the heterogeneous and complex symptoms accompanying cystinuria. A mutation in exon 5 of the SLC7A9 gene (p.Asp236Asn) causes a change in the predicted spatial conformation of the protein. Using the VEP program, the effect of all mutations on protein functionality was assessed as deleterious. It is imperative that cat breeders first perform a molecular test for the mutation of the SLC7A9 gene (exon 7 at position c.881), as previous studies have shown that this is the most common mutation.Pozycja Open Access Natural and habitat conditions of medow communities in the Northern Polder in the “Ujście Warty” National Park(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Grzelak, Mieczysław; Majchrzak, Leszek; Gaweł, Eliza; Idziak, Robert; Department of Grassland and Natural Landscape, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department od Forage Crop Production Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland; Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, PolandResearch on natural and functional values of grassy and reed phytocenoses in the “Ujście Warty” National Park in the Northern Polder, was carried out in 2013–2019. They showed that the formation of grass communities, their richness and floristic diversity, as well as natural and agricultural values, is mainly influenced by moisture, which results from the mosaic of habitats and the intensity of use. The aim of the study was to assess the floristic diversity, natural values and utility of grass communities in leasehold complexes in the “Ujście Warty” National Park in the Northern Polder in the Natura 2000 area. One of the methods of protection and renaturation of naturally valuable meadow communities is the introduction of extensive forms of mowing and pasture use. The aim of such activities is, among others, to improve floristic diversity and prevent unfavorable transformations of protocoenoses, especially in relation to areas covered by the Natura 2000 area. Single, annual mowing during the growing season, through the implementation of agri-environmental programs, does not cause significant changes in the botanical composition of the sward, but it is conducive to restoring the most valuable natural habitats as a potential habitat for bird species endangered on a national and European scale. The distinguished communities have a diversified economic and use value of Lwu ranging from 1.1 to 7.4, and some are wastelands. The calculated floristic diversity (H’) is varied and ranges from 1.3 to 3.9, and the obtained yields are sm. range from 2.8 to 14.8 t∙ha−1 .Pozycja Open Access The effect of share of components in the mixture and harvest date on calcium and magnesium content of mixtures of field pea and spring triticale in sustainable agriculture(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Górski, Rafał; Płaza, Anna; Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Ignacy Mościcki University of Applied Sciences in Ciechanów, Ciechanów, Poland; Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, PolandThe cultivation of mixtures of legumes and cereals contributes to biodiversity and can pro vide good-quality roughage for direct feeding of livestock. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of the share of components in a mixture of pea and spring triticale and the timing of har vesting on the calcium and magnesium content of green mass. The field experiment was conducted in 2016–2018 and two factors were studied: I. The proportion of components in the mixture: field pea – 100%, spring triticale – 100%, field pea 75% + spring triticale 25%, field pea 50% + spring triticale 50%, field pea 25% + spring triticale 75%. II. Harvesting date: flowering stage of field pea, flat green pod stage of field pea. The highest content of calcium and magnesium was found in field pea, while among the mixtures, in the one with 75% of field pea and 25% of spring triticale. A higher content of the mineral elements in question was found in mixtures harvested at the field pea flowering stage compared with mixtures harvested at the stage of the flat green pod of field pea. Due to the mass relationship between macronutrients, the green mass of mixtures of pea and spring triticale should not be the only feed for livestockPozycja Open Access Effect of shorter or longer exposure to artificial lighting of pregnant mink (Neovison vison) on their reproductive performance(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2023) Felska-Błaszczyk, Lidia; Department of Animal Anatomy and Zoology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Breeding, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, PolandThe aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the length of the period of artificial lighting of mink on their reproductive performance. The experiment was carried out on a mink farm in West Pomerania, Poland. Reproduction data of 1068 one-year-old female mink of the silverblue strain were analyzed. All females were in selection classes 7 and 8 and were mated four times, first between the 1st and 10th of March. Females were illuminated during pregnancy with artificial light such that the light day was 17 hours per day. Females were divided into two groups – one group was illuminated from March 20 to April 17, and the other from March 20 to May 15. The following reproductive indices were analyzed in relation to the length of illumination: length of diapause and gestation, litter size, number of live-born and weaned young per litter, percentage of barren females, percentage of females dead during gestation and lactation, and average length of lactation in which females died. Artificially illuminated females were characterized by longer diapause, longer gestation, larger litters, but they had higher mortality of young during maternal nursing. It was also found that females with shorter lactation reared slightly more young, and were characterized by a lower percentage of barren females and females dying during pregnancy and lactation. The analysis conducted in this study confirmed the period of illumination of pregnant mink until April 17 is sufficient in terms of reproductive performance of the females.