Wydanie 318(34)2 2015
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Pozycja Open Access Dry Period Length and milk Yield in the Next Lactation(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Siatka, Kamil; Sawa, Anna; Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department of Cattle Breeding, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, PolandThe present review attempts to sum up the knowledge concerning the effect of dry period length on the milk yield of cows in the next lactation. The dry period is characterized by radical changes in the anatomy, histology and physiology of the mammary gland, which undergoes the stages of active involution, steady state, and colostrum production. The 60-day dry period, once considered optimal, was adopted at the beginning of the 20th century. However, the duration of this period needs to be revised because intensive breeding work that has been carried out over the last 40 years coupled with improvements in environmental conditions caused the milk yield of cows to double in many countries. Higher milk yields increased changes in cow productivity, among others by extending lactations, which possibly indicates that cows are able to produce milk for a long time, as a result of which the dry period could be shorter.Pozycja Open Access Comparison of Growth, Flowering and Bulbs Yield of Four Ornithogalum L. Species Grown in the Ground(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Salachna, Piotr; Zawadzińska, Agnieszka; Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin; Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, SzczecinThe aim of the studies in the years 2009–2010, carried out in the climate conditions of Szczecin, was to compare the morphological traits, the course of flowering and the increase in number and weight of bulbs of four species: Arabian starflower (Ornithogalum arabicum L.), Sun star (Ornithogalum dubium Houtt.), Giant Chincherinchee (Ornithogalum saundersiae Bak.), and Chincherinchee (Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq.). The bulbs were planted in soil after the 10th of May, and harvested in the first decade of October. The investigated species of Ornithogalum were found to differ significantly in their morphological traits, flowering and bulb yield. Field-grown O. arabicum, O. saundersiae and O. thyrsoides flowered and produced adventitious bulb each year. Among the cultivated species, O. saundersiae was characterized by the longest flowering period, it had the longest leaves and inflorescence scapes, and its inflorescences contained the highest number of flowers. The parent bulbs of O. saundersiae produced also the greatest number of adventitious bulbs. The O. dubium plants did not produce inflorescences or adventitious bulbs in either year of the study.Pozycja Open Access Anthropogenic Industrisols within Ewa Peninsula in Szczecin Port Part II. Content of Heavy Metals(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Protasowicki, Mikołaj; Niedźwiecki, Edward; Meller, Edward; Malinowski, Ryszard; Rajkowska-Myśliwiec, Monika; Department of Toxicology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandSoil material collected for Part I, Stratigraphy, chemical properties, including macroelements of industrisols (initial and humus) within Peninsula Ewa in Szczecin Port was used for determining the concentration of heavy metals: Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn and Fe in these soils. The studies showed that the soils sealed with reinforced concrete slabs, in their surface layer 0.25–1.50 m, on a small area, contained an extremely high amount of lead 11 755.0 mg · kg–1 DM, accompanied by the content of copper amounting to – 135.6 mg · kg–1 DM. Such a high, point, contamination occurred only on a few to several m3 of transported sandy material. In the light of Polish legal regulations, the mentioned level of lead exceeds the permissible concentration for the land of group C (industrial, mining and traffic areas). Adjacent to the sealed soils, humus industrisols of green areas, were characterised by elevated mean content of heavy metals: Cd – 1.36; Pb – 409.4; Zn – 673.6; Cu 89.6 mg · kg–1 DM in their surface layer 0.0–0.20(0.30) m. A great role in the accumulation of the above metals might have been played by spreading dust pollution caused by other port operations such as cargo unloading and reloading.Pozycja Open Access Selected Issues of Euthanasia of Animals: Part I – Eliminating the Suffering(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Mikuła, Małgorzata; Kulawik, Mirosława; Szlufik, Krzysztof; Rzepiński, Filip; Bartyzel, Bartłomiej J.; Nowicki, Marek; Paśko, Sławomir; Murawska, Daria; Koczoń, Piotr; Gruszczyńska, Joanna; Przysiecki, Piotr; Niemiec, Tomasz; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Animal Anatomy, Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Virtual Reality Techniques Division, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland; Department of Commodity Science and Animal Improvement, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland; Institute of Agriculture, Jan Amos Komeński State School of Higher Vocational Education in Leszno, Poland; Division of Animal Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, PolandFrancis Bacon’s renaissance idea of alleviating the suffering of patients contributed to the creation of the concept of euthanasia and its evolution over the ages with the following change of moral and ethical attitudes in human and veterinary medicine. In the 21’st century there is an ongoing controversy around the legalisation of euthanasia in people terminally ill. On the other hand the quality and quantity of measures imposed on palliative care are improving. Various social groups are trying to justify purposefulness of euthanasia or not to allow to its legalization (Gielen et al. 2009; Łużyński 2011). In world of animals euthanasia is characterized by the willingness of alleviating suffering in devastated animals or in extreme cases threatening the life of people and other animals. In both cases motives of euthanasia can be justified by Polish law including the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.Pozycja Open Access Anthropogenic Industrisols within Ewa Peninsula in Szczecin Port Part I. Stratygraphy and Chemical Properties(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Malinowski, Ryszard; Protasowicki, Mikołaj; Niedźwiecki, Edward; Meller, Edward; Sammel, Adam; Szkudlarek, Piotr; Treńczak, Karolina; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Toxicology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Soil Science, Grassland and Environmental Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandThe studies included initial industrisols (ecranic) on the peninsula Ewa in Szczecin port. Samples of these soils were collected from deep boreholes (to 13 m below ground level), whereas those of humus soils from the topsoil 0–25(30 cm) of sporadically occurring lawns. Port infrastructure did not allow sampling deeper strata. In stratigraphic structure of initial ekranosols, the surface layer, 2.7–4.4 m thick (mean 3.20 m) of sand, transported to improve the swampy terrain under construction, was distinguished. Transported material, obtained from dredging the nearby water bodies contributed to the compaction of Holocene formations (organic deposits and fen peat), visible at the depth 3.20–9.00 m. This sandy cover layer, under reinforced concrete slabs, contained 2–5% fraction <0.002 mm and only in its upper part, skeleton fractions of anthropogenic origin. It was characterised by pHKCl 5.7–8.0), a slight to 1% CaCO3 content, mean 7.0 g · kg–1 content of organic carbon and wide C : N 17.5 : 1 ratio, whereas the predominant organic layer of examined boreholes had pHKCl 4.9–6.7, organic carbon in the range 174.1–183.7 g · kg–1 and the ratio of C : N from 13.5 : 1 to 16.7 : 1. Comparison of topsoil properties of initial industrisols (ekranic) of thickness 0.25–1.50 m, with humus soils under squares, confirms the common origin of these sandy soil materials. Humus soils also contained 3–6% fraction <0.002 mm, similar reaction and CaCO3 content. Increased, in these soils, content of organic carbon to 28.6 g · kg–1 and in some cases even to 86.6 g · kg–1, and total nitrogen from 2.2 to 8.9 g · kg–1 resulted in a more beneficial ratio of C : N from 9.7 : 1 to 13.0 : 1. High accumulation of organic carbon and available phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium is, first of all, the effect of fertilisation and cultivation practices. The analysis of these properties shows how important role, in the ecosystem of urban and industrial-urban soils, is played by land utilisation, which is becoming a vital soil-forming factor.Pozycja Open Access Population of Tigers in Polish Zoos in 2000–2006(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Lasota, Bogdan; Ronowska, Anna; Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, PolandCurrently in the natural environment tigers live in areas of eastern Turkey, through southern Asia to southeastern Siberia, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, Java and Bali. Generally, the area of occurrence of these predators declined and some subspecies extincted, for example Javanese tiger, Balinese tiger, the Caspian tiger. Zoos are therefore still places where you can see live the big cats. They are also held in Poland’s zoos, where increasingly various programs are carried out for breeding and reproduction of this endangered species. The aim of this study was to analyze the population of tigers and selected indicators of reproduction and mortality in 2000–2006. On the base of data from the Handbook of Zoos, which contents the information about population of animals in Polish zoos, and from cards of animals the analysis of population of Amur tigers, Bengal, Siberian and White tigers in Polish zoos were carried out. The analysis included also some reproductive indicators. Polish population of tigers in the analyzed years decreased by approx. 45%. This decrease was affected to a greater extent females. Total loss was not compensated by the number of born and rearing offspring. To maintain the number of tigers in Polish zoos require intensive efforts to increase the reproduction of this species, and the purchase or "rent" females with proven reproductive capacity.Pozycja Open Access Effect of Depth of Placement of the Hydrogel and the Type of Soil Cover on the Initial Growth and Development of Lawn Grasses(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Jankowski, Kazimierz; Sosnowski, Jacek; Czeluściński, Wiesław; Wiśniewska- Kadżajan, Beata; Malinowska, Elżbieta; Department of Grassland and Green Area Creation, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Grassland and Green Area Creation, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Grassland and Green Area Creation, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Grassland and Green Area Creation, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities; Department of Grassland and Green Area Creation, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesThe aim of this work to determine the effect of superabsorbent Aqua–Gel P4 on the dynamics of lawns emergence. The experiment was established in 2007. The studies were carried out on the base of two lawn experiments. The first experience was a monoculture lawn where in pure sown four species of lawn grasses were studied. In the second experiment four designed mixtures of the same grass species were used. At the beginning of the study (2007) after 15 and 30 days, evaluating of the grasses emergence was done. The type of used soil cover (cultivated soil or garden peat) did not cause significant variation in the emergence of both lawn grasses sown in pure stand and in mixtures. With the increasing of the depth of hydrogel placement (5, 10, 15 cm) in soil, the emergence value of the lawn grasses sown in both as pure stand and in mixtures has worsThe aim of this work to determine the effect of superabsorbent Aqua–Gel P4 on the dynamics of lawns emergence. The experiment was established in 2007. The studies were carried out on the base of two lawn experiments. The first experience was a monoculture lawn where in pure sown four species of lawn grasses were studied. In the second experiment four designed mixtures of the same grass species were used. At the beginning of the study (2007) after 15 and 30 days, evaluating of the grasses emergence was done. The type of used soil cover (cultivated soil or garden peat) did not cause significant variation in the emergence of both lawn grasses sown in pure stand and in mixtures. With the increasing of the depth of hydrogel placement (5, 10, 15 cm) in soil, the emergence value of the lawn grasses sown in both as pure stand and in mixtures has worsen.Pozycja Open Access Comparison of Processing Fruit Quality of Several Grape Varieties Cultivated in Climatic Conditions of Poland and Bulgaria(Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, 2015) Angelov, Ludmil; Stalev, Bojan; Ochmian, Ireneusz; Mijowska, Kamila; Chełpiński, Piotr; Faculty of Viticulture and Horticulture, Agricultural University in Plovdiv, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Faculty of Viticulture and Horticulture, Agricultural University in Plovdiv, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego 17, 71-434 Szczecin, PolandWine producers have been working on selecting the most suitable grape variety for specific regions and therefore improving wine production technology for numerous years. Climate changes lead to change in grape quality; in the future these changes will have to be considered by the vineyard owners as they will affect cultivation methods, harvest dates and vinification process. The aim of this paper is to compare the quality of several grape varieties cultivated in different climatic conditions. Research material was collected from vineyards situated in the Szczecin Lowlands (Poland) and Plovdiv (Bulgaria). The study focused on three grape varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir. Measured characteristics included contained physical parameters: ruit weight, bunch weight and length and firmness as well as chemical composition: soluble solids, acidity, pH, ascorbic acid and nitrates levels, anthocyanin index. Analysed fruit was also examined in terms of colouration and must colour changes during maceration. Climatic conditions of the crop location had significant influence on the chemical composition of fruits, for example Bulgarian fruit featured higher levels of extract and pH combined with lower acidity. The Cabernet Sauvignon variety, regardless of crop location, had the highest levels of extract and organic acids. The juice obtained from Bulgarian grapes was darker (L*) than the juice from the fruit harvested in Poland. On the other hand, the juice of Polish fruit had more blue pigment (b*). It was also found that a* and b* fruit colour parameters are highly correlated with the anthocyanin index.